Saturday 26 October 1918 – Prop. Split by Shrapnel

Squadron Record Book extract

Two attempts at photography today.  The first, in cloudy conditions in the morning, was unsuccessful.  The second was a success, with at least 20 plates exposed of the River Scheldt, north of Tournai.  But success was accompanied by a narrow escape, as shrapnel from anti-aircraft fire split the propeller of RE8 2517.  Fortunately, Greg and his observer Lt John Macmillan were able to return safely to the aerodrome at Ascq.

Log Book

Log BookLog Book

Date: 26.10.18 
Time Out: 9.45 
Rounds Fired – Lewis: - 
Rounds Fired – Vickers: - 
Bombs: - 
Time on RE8s:  178 hrs 05 mins 
RE8: 2517 
Observer: McMillan [sic, should be Macmillan]
War Flying: 0 hrs 50 mins 
Height: 3000 
Course/Remarks:  Photos – too cloudy.
Date: 26.10.18 
Time Out: 12.20 
Rounds Fired – Lewis: - 
Rounds Fired – Vickers: - 
Bombs: - 
Time on RE8s:  178 hrs 45 mins 
RE8: 2517 
Observer: McMillan [sic, should be Macmillan]
War Flying: 0 hrs 40 mins 
Height: 3500 
Course/Remarks:  Photos – 20 plates.

Although the log book gives little in the way of detail, there is more in the Squadron Record Book:

Squadron Record Book

Squadron Record Book
Click for larger image.
Type and Number: R.E.8.2517
Pilot and Observer: P. Lt Gregory. O. Lt McMillan [sic, should be Macmillan]
Duty: Photography
Hour of Start: 0945, 1220
Hour of Return: 1035, 1300
Remarks: 1240. 12 24 plates exposed over I.A. & I.C. zones from 3500’.
A.A. [Anti-aircraft fire] Accurate, apparently at long range. (Propellor split by shrapnel.)
E.A. [Enemy aircraft] Nil.
Vis.Good.Clouds 3700’.  Height 3500’.  Obs.by P.&.O.

IA and IC Zones

Zones IA and IC together form the left hand (west) side of square I on map sheet 37.  They cover the River Scheldt a few miles north of Tournai.  Pont-à-Chin, the scene of yesterday’s patrol, is at the bottom of zone IC, and Pecq is at the top of zone IA:

Map showing zones photographed on 26 October 1918
Map showing zones photographed on 26 October 1918, north of Tournai. Adapted from a 1:40,000 scale map. Each numbered square is 1,000 yards. Click for larger image. Map credit IWM/TNA/Great War Digital.

Propeller Split

Shrapnel from anti-aircraft fire (‘archie’) hit the propeller of the aircraft and split it.  The RE8’s propeller was of laminated hardwood construction, which probably limited the damage to a split. The laminations can be seen in this photograph of the RAF Museum’s replica RE8 built by The Vintage Aviator Limited of New Zealand:

Replica RE8 at Hendon
Propeller and engine detail of the replica RE8 A3930 at the RAF Museum, Hendon. Click or tap to see full size image.  

In the event, the damage wasn’t so severe as to prevent the aircraft being flown back to Ascq.  Nonetheless, it was certainly a case of: Archibald, certainly hot – as the song almost had it!

Thursday 13 June 1918 – CBP and ‘Archie’

Lt John Gibb Brown Macmillan

Greg’s observer today was Lt John Gibb Brown Macmillan. Both Greg’s log book and the Squadron Record book spell his name as McMillan.  But when Lt Macmillan signed his name on the front of the menu of the Farewell Dinner to mark the squadron’s departure from Rely on 10 October 1918, he unmistakably wrote ‘Macmillan’.  See the post containing the menu here (Macmillan’s signature is above the girl’s cap):

Thursday 10 October 1918 – Rely Farewell Dinner

John Macmillan was born on 19 October 1898, and so had celebrated his 20th birthday exactly one week ago. Greg’s diary says nothing about him.  But the list of RFC/RAF people at airhistory.org.uk notes that on 29 June 1918 he suffered a forced landing with Lt Bill Ledlie at Créquy in RE8 C2478:

Ok [C2478 RE8] f/l Crequy due thick fog on artly patrol. Lt W Ledlie Ok/2Lt JGB Macmillan Ok

42 Squadron were operating out of Rely at the time, and Créquy is some 15 miles (24 km) southwest from Rely, towards the coast. The nearest point of the front line was 11 miles (18 km) in precisely the opposite direction. So presumably they had (seriously) overshot Rely in the fog on the way home.

The two flights today were to be the only ones in which Greg and Lt Macmillan flew together.

Next up…

The next entry in Greg’s log book is for Tuesday 29 October 1918.

Monday 22 July 1918 – Another Shoot with 213 SB

The fourth shoot with 213 Siege Battery RGA in five days.  We don’t know the target for this one.  But it was another long time in the air being shot at, and another success.

Log Book

Log BookLog Book

Date: 22.7.17 
Time: 9.30 
Rounds: 100 
Bombs: 4 
RE8: E27 
Observer: Lt. Hodgson 
Time: 3 hr 25 m 
Height: 4000 
Course/Remarks: Shoot with 213 SB.  Successful.

Diary

Diary

Monday July 22nd.  Did a shoot with 213 SB.  Dropped 4 Cooper bombs & let off 300 rounds ammunition.  Archie pretty hot stuff.  Went to see the battery after, & scrounged some furniture for my room.

Another Visit to 213 SB

“Observers should utilise every opportunity of visiting the batteries allotted to them”, says the General Staff in the handbook “Co-operation of Aircraft with Artillery” [SS 131], December 1917 edition. 

(Just to note in passing: “observers” in this context means those observing a shoot, rather than the chaps in the back seat of the plane.)  Greg seems to have taken this injunction to heart.  He went to see 213 SB again, only two days after his last visit on Saturday 19 July 1918.  But perhaps at least part of his motivation was to complete his mission to furnish his room, possibly with more pieces from the ruins of St. Venant.  Visiting the battery would have provided a good excuse…and the transport.

Haverskerque, which is where I speculated (here) might be near the location of 213 Siege Battery, is a village lying on the flat land by the River Lys not far north of the river crossing at St. Venant.  In the corner of a quiet field is a small British cemetery – Cim. brit. on the map – looked after by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission:

Haverskerque and St Venant on a present day map. The distance between them is about 1¼ miles (2 km). Map credit: GreatWarDigital

And from the cemetery, the distant spire of St. Venant church is just visible:

Haverskerque British Cemetery, with St Venant church spire just visible in the distance (above the end of the second row of headstones). 213 Siege Battery may have been located not far away.  Click for larger image.

More on shoots here:

Observation of Artillery Fire – A Shoot

More on Archie here:

Thursday 13 June 1918 – CBP and ‘Archie’

 

Wednesday 10 July 1918 – Shadows over Target

An aviator’s life on the Western Front in 1918 was bedevilled by two factors – in addition to the small matter of the enemy, that is.  They were mechanical unreliability (of armaments, engines and other equipment) and the weather.  Today, Greg’s engine was better than it was yesterday, but it was another day for the weather to assert itself, as a Counter Battery Patrol evolved into a Shoot.  Even fair weather can cause problems, in the form of shadows over the target, and that was before the rainstorm approached.

Log Book

Log BookLog Book

Date: 10.7.18 
Hour: 3.40 
Machine type: RE8 
No.: E27 
Passenger: Lt Pring 
Time: 1 hr 45 
Height: 5000 
Course/Remarks: CBP & shoot with 14 SB. Successful.  Rainstorm.  Eng better.

Diary

Diary

Wednesday July 10th. CBP at 5.30pm (1hr 45 m). 5000 ft.

Took up a shoot with 14 Siege Battery (6” Hows).

Shoot successful.  Large number of W’s owing to clouds throwing shadows over target.

Archie pretty hot, unable to go over target.

Engine running better.

Two bombs dropped.

Target at L.20.a

So weather-related problems are not confined to bad weather as such:  shadows from clouds over the target meant that a large number of the battery’s rounds were unobserved – hence the ‘W’, for washout.  And then came a rainstorm…

Squadron Record Book

Type and Number: R.E.8.27

Pilot and Observer: P. Lt Gregory. O. Lt Pring

Duty: Art Obs 14 S.B. (6” How) on L.C.21. [northeast of Merville; see below]

Hour of Start: 5.40pm

Hour of Return: 7.25pm

Remarks:

SUCCESSFUL. Called up 5.48pm.  K. 5.50.  L. 5.55.  G. 5.58.  V. 6.45.  Time G. to V. 45 mins.

OBSERVED:- M.C.3.  M.C.5.  1 O.K.  1 Y.  8 A.  11 B.  4 C.  1 D.  11 W.  37 ranging rounds.  M.O.K. sent during B.F.  One direct hit on ranging pit which was badly damaged.  No 1 Pit believed damaged but owing to A.A. could not properly inspect target.  Shoot by P.  Height 5000’.

MISC INF. 5.56pm 2-25lb bombs dropped at K.28.c.5.3.  Both bursts observed.  7.5pm sent C.I. [going home] owing to approaching storm. A.A. active.  Vis. good but shadowy.
Obs. By P. & O.

Successful Shoot, Despite Shadows over Target

This was Greg’s second shoot with 14 Siege Battery. This link is to the post that recounts the first, which was just over a week ago on 2 July:

Tuesday 2 July 1918 – Shoot with 14SB

The ‘G to V’ time – the time taken to range the howitzers – was 45 minutes, down from 1 hr 20 mins last time, which will have pleased Greg, the Squadron Commander and the Battery Commander.  Eleven ‘washouts’ – unobserved shells – wasn’t so good, but explained by the shadows from the clouds.

Target LC 21 was in the 500 yard square L.20.a, northeast of Merville, but Greg dropped his two bombs on the other side of town.  He dropped them on the Rue d’Aire going west out towards Haverskerque.  The time was 5.56pm, just as he was about to begin ranging the guns (‘G’ – the ‘fire’ signal – was at 5:58pm).  The battery itself was probably located a mile or two further west, near Haverskerque.

1:20,000 map of Merville dated 22 May 1918
1:20,000 map of Merville dated 22 May 1918. Numbered squares are 1,000 yards across. Red markings are German trenches, tramways and other works.

One hundred years after Greg bombed the Rue d’Aire, I drove along it.  I can report that the road has been repaired.

For more details on how a shoot operated, see this page:

Observation of Artillery Fire – A Shoot

To see how zone numbers such as LC 21 were allocated to targets, see “Assigning a Zone Number to the Target” on this page:

Counter Battery Patrols and Zone Calls

 

Thursday 27 June 1918 – CBP, Archie…and Sheet Tin

Another Counter Battery Patrol, in which Greg was twice switched to new targets, another four bombs dropped, some “pretty hot Archie”, and an intriguing order about sheet tin.

Log Book

Log BookLog Book

Date: 27.6.18 
Hour: - 
Machine type: RE8 
No.: E27 
Observer: Lt Kennedy 
Time: 2 hrs 5 m 
Height: 6000 
Course/Remarks: CBP. 4 bombs. Archie pretty hot.

Diary

DiaryDiary

Thursday June 27th. CBP 8 – 11 (8.40 – 10.45). Four bombs dropped, caused small fire.  Archie very persistent & pretty hot.

Sent FL FR FD & got to 6,000 ft.  Engine rough but picked up & ran very well.

Got X twice from CWS.


“Archie”…

…was anti-aircraft fire, as explained here:

Thursday 13 June 1918 – CBP and ‘Archie’

“Sent FL FR FD”…

…means that a series of favourable weather signals was sent, explained here,:

Saturday 15 June 1918 – CBP and Bombing

“Got X twice from CWS”…

…means that Greg twice was given the signal X from the squadron’s Central Wireless Station. ‘X’ meant ‘change to new target’. The X (formed of ground strips of cloth) would be followed by a description of the target. Sounds a bit like he felt was being messed around.

Sheet Tin

The day’s routine orders from the CO, Major Hunter MC, had an interesting entry about sheet tin, which was obviously of some value:

Recovery of sheet tin from Biscuit, Tea and other large tins

Arrangements having been made to sell all sheet tin which is in good condition and which is not required by the British Armies in France, it is necessary that as uniform a method of recovery as possible should be adopted.

Tins are to have their tops and bottoms removed entire, after which the bodies are to be opened up at the joints, i.e., at two diametrically opposite corners.  the sheets thus produced are to be pressed flat, bundled in twenties and tied with wire or hoop iron.  

The tops and bottoms are to be similarly bundled.

The joints can be opened by hating on an iron plate over a brazier.  When the solder in the joint runs, the parts of the tin can be shaken apart.

Special care is to be taken that only sufficient heat is used to make the solder run.  Too much heat will spoil the tinned surface and render it unfit for sale.

To prevent deterioration from rust, it is very important that tins should be dealt with as soon as received and should not be left exposed to damp after packing (4000/40 (Q.B.1).)
             (G.R.O. 4326, dated 21.6.18).

One might reasonably wonder why “the British Armies in France” might have any use for sheet tin themselves.  In fact, one use was to make reflective signal discs in the gas mask haversacks of the infantry:

Haversack signal disc used by Allied troops.
Haversack signal disc used by Allied troops. From Michael Meech, ‘A Short History of Contact Patrols’ Cross & Cockade International 40(2) 116-127 (2009)

The discs could be deployed by troops in forward positions, so that RAF patrol aircraft on infantry liaison duties (so-called ‘contact patrols’) could see their position and transmit this information to the relevant headquarters. 

 

Thursday 13 June 1918 – CBP and ‘Archie’

After the false starts earlier in the week, Greg starts to ease into what will become one of his routine activities: the Counter Battery Patrol.  This one, which at three hours duration was one of the longer ones, was enlivened by some ‘Archie’ – anti-aircraft fire.

Log Book

Log bookLog book

Date: 13.6.18 
Hour: 4.00 
Machine type: RE8 
No.: E27 
Observer: Lt Roche 
Time: 3 hrs 
Height: 2,800 
Course/Remarks: C.B.P. Bad landing.  Engine rough.

Diary

Thursday June 13th.  E27. Counter battery patrol from 4 to 7. Rather dud, engine rough. 

One ‘Archie’ burst under tail.  Two explosions in Hunland.  Bad landing.  Observer fired off 100 rounds into Calonne.

All the As: Archie, Ack-Ack and Anti-Aircraft Fire

Archie (anti-aircraft fire)
‘Archie’ – anti-aircraft fire. Image: Greg’s War Collection. Click for larger image.

‘Archie’ and ‘ack-ack’ were both slang terms used by British airmen for anti-aircraft fire in the First World War.  One is easier to explain than the other.

Ack-ack

Ack-ack’ is the easier term to explain, as ‘Ack’ was the letter A in an early military alphabet, as set out by The Royal Signals Museum here.  AA or ack-ack was the standard abbreviation for anti-aircraft (fire).

Archie

But what of ‘Archie’?  The most prevalent explanation seems to be that it derived from a popular music hall number called Archibald! Certainly not, first sung by George Robey in 1911.  The story is that a pilot used to shout the song title, which was also the refrain, to his observer when an anti-aircraft shell exploded nearby (but missed), and ‘Archibald’ of course became abbreviated to ‘Archie’.  Some accounts credit the first usage to Lieutenant Amyas ‘Biffy’ Borton of 5 Sqn RFC. 

In a competing explanation, this source  has a rather more elaborate account of the origin of the expression, quoting Ernest Weekley’s An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English (1921) :

“It was at once noticed at Brooklands [where much aviation development and testing was carried out prior to 1914, and portrayed in the film Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines] that in the vicinity of, or over, water or damp ground, there were disturbances in the air causing bumps or drops to these early pioneers. Some of these ‘remous’ were found to be permanent, one over the Wey river, and another at the corner of the aerodrome next to the sewage-farm. Youth being fond of giving proper names to inanimate objects, the bump near the sewage-farm was called by them Archibald. As subsequently, when war broke out, the effect of having shell bursting near an aeroplane was to produce a ‘remous’ reminding the Brookland trained pilots of their old friend Archibald, they called being shelled ‘being Archied’ for short. Any flying-man who trained at Brooklands before the war will confirm the above statement” (Col. C H Joubert de la Ferté, I M S ret.)

Well, which is right?  Either way, you can hear Harry Bluff singing Archibald! Certainly not here:

Calonne

“Observer fired off 100 rounds into Calonne.”  Calonne (today, Calonne-sur-la-Lys) is a small settlement 2 miles (3 km) south west of Merville,  itself 17 miles (30 km) west of Lille. The German line ran through Calonne and Le Sart, to its north, at the time.  Anywhere to the east of this line qualified as ‘Hunland’.

Calonne and Le Sart map
Calonne and Le Sart on a 1:40,000 map. Each square is 1,000 yards. Click for larger image. Map credit: IWM/TNA/GreatWarDigital.

Counter Battery Patrols

For an explanation of what counter battery patrols involved, see this new page in the ‘Setting the Scene – Background Articles’ series:

Counter Battery Patrols and Zone Calls

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